storage_clause

Purpose

The storage_clause lets you specify how Oracle Database should store a permanent database object. Storage parameters for temporary segments always use the default storage parameters for the associated tablespace. Storage parameters affect both how long it takes to access data stored in the database and how efficiently space in the database is used.

When you create a cluster, index, materialized view, materialized view log, rollback segment, table, LOB, varray, nested table, or partition, you can specify values for the storage parameters for the segments allocated to these objects. If you omit any storage parameter, then Oracle uses the value of that parameter specified for the tablespace in which the object resides. If no value was specified for the tablespace, then the database uses default values.

When you alter a cluster, index, materialized view, materialized view log, rollback segment, table, varray, nested table, or partition, you can change the values of storage parameters. The new values affect only future extent allocations.

The storage_clause is part of the physical_attributes_clause, so you can specify this clause in any of the statements where you can specify the physical attributes clause (see physical_attributes_clause). In addition, you can specify the storage_clause in the following statements:

• CREATE CLUSTER and ALTER CLUSTER: to set or change the storage characteristics of the cluster and all tables in the cluster (see CREATE CLUSTER and ALTER CLUSTER).

• CREATE INDEX and ALTER INDEX: to set or change the storage characteristics of an index segment created for a table index or index partition or an index segment created for an index used to enforce a primary key or unique constraint (see CREATE INDEX and ALTER INDEX).

• The ENABLE ... USING INDEX clause of CREATE TABLE or ALTER TABLE: to set or change the storage characteristics of an index created by the system to enforce a primary key or unique constraint.

• CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW and ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW: to set or change the storage characteristics of a materialized view, one of its partitions, or the index Oracle generates to maintain the materialized view (see CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW and ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW).

• CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG and ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG: to set or change the storage characteristics of the materialized view log (see CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG and ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG).

• CREATE ROLLBACK SEGMENT and ALTER ROLLBACK SEGMENT: to set or change the storage characteristics of a rollback segment (see CREATE ROLLBACK SEGMENT and ALTER ROLLBACK SEGMENT).

• CREATE TABLE and ALTER TABLE: to set the storage characteristics of a LOB or varray data segment of the nonclustered table or one of its partitions or subpartitions, or the storage table of a nested table (see CREATE TABLE and ALTER TABLE).

• CREATE TABLESPACE and ALTER TABLESPACE: to set or change the default storage characteristics for objects created in the tablespace (see CREATE TABLESPACE and ALTER TABLESPACE). Changes to tablespace storage parameters affect only new objects created in the tablespace or new extents allocated for a segment.

• constraint: to specify storage for the index (and its partitions, if it is a partitioned index) used to enforce the constraint (see constraint).

Prerequisites

To change the value of a STORAGE parameter, you must have the privileges necessary to use the appropriate CREATE or ALTER statement.

Syntax

storage_clause::=

(size_clause::=

maxsize_clause::=

(size_clause::=

Semantics

This section describes the parameters of the storage_clause. For additional information, refer to the SQL statement in which you set or reset these storage parameters for a particular database object.

INITIAL

Specify the size of the first extent of the object. Oracle allocates space for this extent when you create the schema object. Refer to size_clause for information on that clause.

In locally managed tablespaces, Oracle uses the value of INITIAL, in conjunction with the type of local management—AUTOALLOCATE or UNIFORM—and the values of MINEXTENTS, NEXT and PCTINCREASE, to determine the initial size of the segment.

• With AUTOALLOCATE extent management, Oracle uses the INITIAL setting to optimize the number of extents allocated. Extents of 64K, 1M, 8M, and 64M can be allocated. During segment creation, the system chooses the greatest of these four sizes that is equal to or smaller than INITIAL, and allocates as many extents of that size as are needed to reach or exceed the INITIAL setting. For example, if you set INITIAL to 4M, then the database creates four 1M extents. But if you set INITIAL to 14M, then the database creates two 8M extents, which exceeds the INITIAL setting, rather than creating the less optimal one 8M extent plus six 1M extents.

• For UNIFORM extent management, the number of extents is determined from initial segment size and the uniform extent size specified at tablespace creation time. For example, in a uniform locally managed tablespace with 1M extents, if you specify an INITIAL value of 5M, then Oracle creates five 1M extents.

  Consider this comparison: With AUTOALLOCATE, if you set INITAL to 72K, then the initial segment size will be 128K (greater than INITIAL). The database cannot allocate an extent smaller than 64K, so it must allocate two 64K extents. If you set INITIAL to 72K with a UNIFORM extent size of 24K, then the database will allocate three 24K extents to equal 72K.

In dictionary managed tablespaces, the default initial extent size is 5 blocks, and all subsequent extents are rounded to 5 blocks. If MINIMUM EXTENT was specified at tablespace creation time, then the extent sizes are rounded to the value of MINIMUM EXTENT.

Restriction on INITIAL You cannot specify INITIAL in an ALTER statement.

NEXT

Specify in bytes the size of the next extent to be allocated to the object. Refer to size_clause for information on that clause.

In locally managed tablespaces, the size of the NEXT is determined by Oracle if the tablespace is set for autoallocate extent management. In UNIFORM tablespaces, the size of NEXT is the uniform extent size specified at tablespace creation time.

In dictionary-managed tablespaces, the default value is the size of 5 data blocks. The minimum value is the size of 1 data block. The maximum value depends on your operating system. Oracle rounds values up to the next multiple of the data block size for values less than 5 data blocks. For values greater than 5 data blocks, Oracle rounds up to a value that minimizes fragmentation.

PCTINCREASE

In locally managed tablespaces, Oracle Database uses the value of PCTINCREASE during segment creation to determine the initial segment size and ignores this parameter during subsequent space allocation.

In dictionary-managed tablespaces, specify the percent by which the third and subsequent extents grow over the preceding extent. The default value is 50, meaning that each subsequent extent is 50% larger than the preceding extent. The minimum value is 0, meaning all extents after the first are the same size. The maximum value depends on your operating system. Oracle rounds the calculated size of each new extent to the nearest multiple of the data block size. If you change the value of the PCTINCREASE parameter by specifying it in an ALTER statement, then Oracle calculates the size of the next extent using this new value and the size of the most recently allocated extent.

Restriction on PCTINCREASE You cannot specify PCTINCREASE for rollback segments. Rollback segments always have a PCTINCREASE value of 0.

MINEXTENTS

In locally managed tablespaces, Oracle Database uses the value of MINEXTENTS in conjunction with PCTINCREASE, INITIAL and NEXT to determine the initial segment size.

In dictionary-managed tablespaces, specify the total number of extents to allocate when the object is created. The default and minimum value is 1, meaning that Oracle allocates only the initial extent, except for rollback segments, for which the default and minimum value is 2. The maximum value depends on your operating system.

• In a locally managed tablespace, MINEXTENTS is used to compute the initial amount of space allocated, which is equal to INITIAL * MINEXTENTS. Thereafter this value is set to 1, which is reflected in the DBA_SEGMENTS view.

• In a dictionary-managed tablespace, MINEXTENTS is simply the minimum number of extents that must be allocated to the segment.

If the MINEXTENTS value is greater than 1, then Oracle calculates the size of subsequent extents based on the values of the INITIAL, NEXT, and PCTINCREASE storage parameters.

When changing the value of MINEXTENTS by specifying it in an ALTER statement, you can reduce the value from its current value, but you cannot increase it. Resetting MINEXTENTS to a smaller value might be useful, for example, before a TRUNCATE ... DROP STORAGE statement, if you want to ensure that the segment will maintain a minimum number of extents after the TRUNCATE operation.

Restrictions on MINEXTENTS The MINEXTENTS storage parameter is subject to the following restrictions:

• MINEXTENTS is not applicable at the tablespace level.

• You cannot change the value of MINEXTENTS in an ALTER statement or for an object that resides in a locally managed tablespace.

MAXEXTENTS

This storage parameter is valid only for objects in dictionary-managed tablespaces. Specify the total number of extents, including the first, that Oracle can allocate for the object. The minimum value is 1 except for rollback segments, which always have a minimum of 2. The default value depends on your data block size.

Restriction on MAXEXTENTS MAXEXTENTS is ignored for objects residing in a locally managed tablespace, unless the value of ALLOCATION_TYPE is USER for the tablespace in the DBA_TABLESPACES data dictionary view.

UNLIMITED Specify UNLIMITED if you want extents to be allocated automatically as needed. Oracle recommends this setting as a way to minimize fragmentation.

Do not use this clause for rollback segments. Doing so allows the possibility that long-running rogue DML transactions will continue to create new extents until a disk is full.

MAXSIZE

The MAXSIZE clause lets you specify the maximum size of the storage element. For LOB storage, MAXSIZE has the following effects

• If you specify RETENTION MAX in LOB_parameters, then the LOB segment increases to the specified size before any space can be reclaimed from undo space.

• If you specify RETENTION AUTO, MIN, or NONE in LOB_parameters, then the specified size is a hard limit on the LOB segment size and has no bearing on undo retention.

UNLIMITED Use the UNLIMITED clause if you do not want to limit the disk space of the storage element. This clause is not compatible with a specification of RETENTION MAX in LOB_parameters. If you specify both, then the database uses RETENTION AUTO and MAXSIZE UNLIMITED.

FREELISTS

In tablespaces with manual segment-space management, Oracle Database uses the FREELISTS storage parameter to improve performance of space management in OLTP systems by increasing the number of insert points in the segment. In tablespaces with automatic segment-space management, this parameter is ignored, because the database adapts to varying workload.

In tablespaces with manual segment-space management, for objects other than tablespaces and rollback segments, specify the number of free lists for each of the free list groups for the table, partition, cluster, or index. The default and minimum value for this parameter is 1, meaning that each free list group contains one free list. The maximum value of this parameter depends on the data block size. If you specify a FREELISTS value that is too large, then Oracle returns an error indicating the maximum value.

This clause is not valid or useful if you have specified the SECUREFILE parameter of LOB_parameters. If you specify both the SECUREFILE parameter and FREELISTS, then the database silently ignores the FREELISTS specification.

Restriction on FREELISTS You can specify FREELISTS in the storage_clause of any statement except when creating or altering a tablespace or rollback segment.

FREELIST GROUPS

In tablespaces with manual segment-space management, Oracle Database uses the value of this storage parameter to statically partition the segment free space in an Oracle Real Application Clusters environment. This partitioning improves the performance of space allocation and deallocation by avoiding inter instance transfer of segment metadata. In tablespaces with automatic segment-space management, this parameter is ignored, because Oracle dynamically adapts to inter instance workload.

In tablespaces with manual segment-space management, specify the number of groups of free lists for the database object you are creating. The default and minimum value for this parameter is 1. Oracle uses the instance number of Oracle Real Application Clusters (Oracle RAC) instances to map each instance to one free list group.

Each free list group uses one database block. Therefore:

• If you do not specify a large enough value for INITIAL to cover the minimum value plus one data block for each free list group, then Oracle increases the value of INITIAL the necessary amount.

• If you are creating an object in a uniform locally managed tablespace, and the extent size is not large enough to accommodate the number of freelist groups, then the create operation will fail.

This clause is not valid or useful if you have specified the SECUREFILE parameter of LOB_parameters. If you specify both the SECUREFILE parameter and FREELIST GROUPS, then the database silently ignores the FREELIST GROUPS specification.

Restriction on FREELIST GROUPS You can specify the FREELIST GROUPS parameter only in CREATE TABLE, CREATE CLUSTER, CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW, CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG, and CREATE INDEX statements.

OPTIMAL

The OPTIMAL keyword is relevant only to rollback segments. It specifies an optimal size in bytes for a rollback segment. Refer to size_clause for information on that clause.

Oracle tries to maintain this size for the rollback segment by dynamically deallocating extents when their data is no longer needed for active transactions. Oracle deallocates as many extents as possible without reducing the total size of the rollback segment below the OPTIMAL value.

The value of OPTIMAL cannot be less than the space initially allocated by the MINEXTENTS, INITIAL, NEXT, and PCTINCREASE parameters. The maximum value depends on your operating system. Oracle rounds values up to the next multiple of the data block size.

NULL Specify NULL for no optimal size for the rollback segment, meaning that Oracle never deallocates the extents of the rollback segment. This is the default behavior.

BUFFER_POOL

The BUFFER_POOL clause lets you specify a default buffer pool or cache for a schema object. All blocks for the object are stored in the specified cache.

• If you define a buffer pool for a partitioned table or index, then the partitions inherit the buffer pool from the table or index definition unless overridden by a partition-level definition.

• For an index-organized table, you can specify a buffer pool separately for the index segment and the overflow segment.

Restrictions on the BUFFER_POOL Parameter BUFFER_POOL is subject to the following restrictions:

• You cannot specify this clause for a cluster table. However, you can specify it for a cluster.

• You cannot specify this clause for a tablespace or a rollback segment.

KEEP Specify KEEP to put blocks from the segment into the KEEP buffer pool. Maintaining an appropriately sized KEEP buffer pool lets Oracle retain the schema object in memory to avoid I/O operations. KEEP takes precedence over any NOCACHE clause you specify for a table, cluster, materialized view, or materialized view log.

RECYCLE Specify RECYCLE to put blocks from the segment into the RECYCLE pool. An appropriately sized RECYCLE pool reduces the number of objects whose default pool is the RECYCLE pool from taking up unnecessary cache space.

DEFAULT Specify DEFAULT to indicate the default buffer pool. This is the default for objects not assigned to KEEP or RECYCLE.

FLASH_CACHE

The FLASH_CACHE clause lets you override the automatic buffer cache policy and specify how specific schema objects are cached in flash memory. To use this clause, Database Smart Flash Cache (flash cache) must be configured on your system. The flash cache is an extension of the database buffer cache that is stored on a flash disk, a storage device that uses flash memory. Because flash memory is faster than magnetic disks, the database can improve performance by caching buffers in the flash cache instead of reading from magnetic disk.

KEEP Specify KEEP if you want the schema object buffers to remain cached in the flash cache as long as the flash cache is large enough.

NONE Specify NONE to ensure that the schema object buffers are never cached in the flash cache. This allows you to reserve the flash cache space for more frequently accessed objects.

DEFAULT Specify DEFAULT if you want the schema object buffers to be written to the flash cache when they are aged out of main memory, and then be aged out of the flash cache with the standard buffer cache replacement algorithm. This is the default if flash cache is configured and you do not specify KEEP or NONE.

ENCRYPT

This clause is valid only when you are creating a tablespace. Specify ENCRYPT to encrypt the entire tablespace. You must also specify the ENCRYPTION clause in the CREATE TABLESPACE statement.

Example

Specifying Table Storage Attributes: Example The following statement creates a table and provides storage parameter values:

CREATE TABLE divisions 
    (div_no     NUMBER(2), 
     div_name   VARCHAR2(14), 
     location   VARCHAR2(13) ) 
     STORAGE  ( INITIAL 8M MAXSIZE 1G );

Oracle allocates space for the table based on the STORAGE parameter values as follows:

• The INITIAL value is 8M, so the size of the first extent is 8 megabytes.

• The MAXSIZE value is 1G, so the maximum size of the storage element is 1 gigabyte.