2 Spatial Data Types and Metadata

2.2.1 SDO_GTYPE

The SDO_GTYPE attribute indicates the type of the geometry. Valid geometry types correspond to those specified in the Geometry Object Model for the OGIS Simple Features for SQL specification (with the exception of Surfaces). The numeric values differ from those given in the OGIS specification, but there is a direct correspondence between the names and semantics where applicable.

The SDO_GTYPE value is 4 digits in the format DLTT, where:

• D identifies the number of dimensions (2, 3, or 4)

• L identifies the linear referencing measure dimension for a three-dimensional linear referencing system (LRS) geometry, that is, which dimension (3 or 4) contains the measure value. For a non-LRS geometry, or to accept the Spatial and Graph default of the last dimension as the measure for an LRS geometry, specify 0. For information about the linear referencing system (LRS), see Chapter 7.

• TT identifies the geometry type (00 through 09, with 10 through 99 reserved for future use).

Table 2-1 shows the valid SDO_GTYPE values. The Geometry Type and Description values reflect the OGIS specification.

^Footnote 1 For a polygon with holes, enter the exterior boundary first, followed by any interior boundaries.

The D in the Value column of Table 2-1 is the number of dimensions: 2, 3, or 4. For example, an SDO_GTYPE value of 2003 indicates a two-dimensional polygon. The number of dimensions reflects the number of ordinates used to represent each vertex (for example, X,Y for two-dimensional objects).

In any given layer (column), all geometries must have the same number of dimensions. For example, you cannot mix two-dimensional and three-dimensional data in the same layer.

The following methods are available for returning the individual DLTT components of the SDO_GTYPE for a geometry object: Get_Dims, Get_LRS_Dim, and Get_Gtype. These methods are described in Section 2.3.

For more information about SDO_GTYPE values for three-dimensional geometries, see Table 1-1 in Section 1.11.

2.2.2 SDO_SRID

The SDO_SRID attribute can be used to identify a coordinate system (spatial reference system) to be associated with the geometry. If SDO_SRID is null, no coordinate system is associated with the geometry. If SDO_SRID is not null, it must contain a value from the SRID column of the SDO_COORD_REF_SYS table (described in Section 6.7.9), and this value must be inserted into the SRID column of the USER_SDO_GEOM_METADATA view (described in Section 2.8).

All geometries in a geometry column must have the same SDO_SRID value if a spatial index will be built on that column.

For information about coordinate systems, see Chapter 6.

2.2.3 SDO_POINT

The SDO_POINT attribute is defined using the SDO_POINT_TYPE object type, which has the attributes X, Y, and Z, all of type NUMBER. (The SDO_POINT_TYPE definition is shown in Section 2.2.) If the SDO_ELEM_INFO and SDO_ORDINATES arrays are both null, and the SDO_POINT attribute is non-null, then the X, Y, and Z values are considered to be the coordinates for a point geometry. Otherwise, the SDO_POINT attribute is ignored by Spatial and Graph. You should store point geometries in the SDO_POINT attribute for optimal storage; and if you have only point geometries in a layer, it is strongly recommended that you store the point geometries in the SDO_POINT attribute.

Section 2.7.5 illustrates a point geometry and provides examples of inserting and querying point geometries.

2.2.4 SDO_ELEM_INFO

The SDO_ELEM_INFO attribute is defined using a varying length array of numbers. This attribute lets you know how to interpret the ordinates stored in the SDO_ORDINATES attribute (described in Section 2.2.5).

Each triplet set of numbers is interpreted as follows:

• SDO_STARTING_OFFSET -- Indicates the offset within the SDO_ORDINATES array where the first ordinate for this element is stored. Offset values start at 1 and not at 0. Thus, the first ordinate for the first element will be at SDO_GEOMETRY.SDO_ORDINATES(1). If there is a second element, its first ordinate will be at SDO_GEOMETRY.SDO_ORDINATES(n), where n reflects the position within the SDO_ORDINATE_ARRAY definition (for example, 19 for the 19th number, as in Figure 2-4 in Section 2.7.2).

• SDO_ETYPE -- Indicates the type of the element. Valid values are shown in Table 2-2.

  SDO_ETYPE values 1, 2, 1003, and 2003 are considered simple elements. They are defined by a single triplet entry in the SDO_ELEM_INFO array. For SDO_ETYPE values 1003 and 2003, the first digit indicates exterior (1) or interior (2):

  1003: exterior polygon ring (must be specified in counterclockwise order)

  2003: interior polygon ring (must be specified in clockwise order)

  Note:

  The use of 3 as an SDO_ETYPE value for polygon ring elements in a single geometry is discouraged. You should specify 3 only if you do not know if the simple polygon is exterior or interior, and you should then upgrade the table or layer to the current format using the SDO_MIGRATE.TO_CURRENT procedure, described in Chapter 25.

  You cannot mix 1-digit and 4-digit SDO_ETYPE values in a single geometry.

  SDO_ETYPE values 4, 1005, 2005, 1006, and 2006 are considered compound elements. They contain at least one header triplet with a series of triplet values that belong to the compound element. For 4-digit SDO_ETYPE values, the first digit indicates exterior (1) or interior (2):

  1005: exterior polygon ring (must be specified in counterclockwise order)

  2005: interior polygon ring (must be specified in clockwise order)

  1006: exterior surface consisting of one or more polygon rings

  2006: interior surface in a solid element

  1007: solid element

  The elements of a compound element are contiguous. The last point of a subelement in a compound element is the first point of the next subelement. The point is not repeated.

• SDO_INTERPRETATION -- Means one of two things, depending on whether or not SDO_ETYPE is a compound element.

  If SDO_ETYPE is a compound element (4, 1005, or 2005), this field specifies how many subsequent triplet values are part of the element.

  If the SDO_ETYPE is not a compound element (1, 2, 1003, or 2003), the interpretation attribute determines how the sequence of ordinates for this element is interpreted. For example, a line string or polygon boundary may be made up of a sequence of connected straight line segments or circular arcs.

  Descriptions of valid SDO_ETYPE and SDO_INTERPRETATION value pairs are given in Table 2-2.

If a geometry consists of more than one element, then the last ordinate for an element is always one less than the starting offset for the next element. The last element in the geometry is described by the ordinates from its starting offset to the end of the SDO_ORDINATES varying length array.

For compound elements (SDO_ETYPE values 4, 1005, or 2005), a set of n triplets (one for each subelement) is used to describe the element. It is important to remember that subelements of a compound element are contiguous. The last point of a subelement is the first point of the next subelement. For subelements 1 through n-1, the end point of one subelement is the same as the starting point of the next subelement. The starting point for subelements 2...n-2 is the same as the end point of subelement 1...n-1. The last ordinate of subelement n is either the starting offset minus 1 of the next element in the geometry, or the last ordinate in the SDO_ORDINATES varying length array.

The current size of a varying length array can be determined by using the function varray_variable.Count in PL/SQL or OCICollSize in the Oracle Call Interface (OCI).

The semantics of each SDO_ETYPE element and the relationship between the SDO_ELEM_INFO and SDO_ORDINATES varying length arrays for each of these SDO_ETYPE elements are given in Table 2-2.

2.2.5 SDO_ORDINATES

The SDO_ORDINATES attribute is defined using a varying length array (1048576) of NUMBER type that stores the coordinate values that make up the boundary of a spatial object. This array must always be used in conjunction with the SDO_ELEM_INFO varying length array. The values in the array are ordered by dimension. For example, a polygon whose boundary has four two-dimensional points is stored as {X1, Y1, X2, Y2, X3, Y3, X4, Y4, X1, Y1}. If the points are three-dimensional, then they are stored as {X1, Y1, Z1, X2, Y2, Z2, X3, Y3, Z3, X4, Y4, Z4, X1, Y1, Z1}. The number of dimensions associated with each point is stored as metadata in the xxx_SDO_GEOM_METADATA views, described in Section 2.8.

The values in the SDO_ORDINATES array must all be valid and non-null. There are no special values used to delimit elements in a multielement geometry. The start and end points for the sequence describing a specific element are determined by the STARTING_OFFSET values for that element and the next element in the SDO_ELEM_INFO array, as explained in Section 2.2.4. The offset values start at 1. SDO_ORDINATES(1) is the first ordinate of the first point of the first element.

2.2.6 Usage Considerations

You should use the SDO_GTYPE values as shown in Table 2-1; however, Spatial and Graph does not check or enforce all geometry consistency constraints. Spatial and Graph does check the following:

• For SDO_GTYPE values d001 and d005, any subelement not of SDO_ETYPE 1 is ignored.

• For SDO_GTYPE values d002 and d006, any subelement not of SDO_ETYPE 2 or 4 is ignored.

• For SDO_GTYPE values d003 and d007, any subelement not of SDO_ETYPE 3 or 5 is ignored. (This includes SDO_ETYPE variants 1003, 2003, 1005, and 2005, which are explained in Section 2.2.4).

The SDO_GEOM.VALIDATE_GEOMETRY_WITH_CONTEXT function can be used to evaluate the consistency of a single geometry object or of all geometry objects in a specified feature table.

2.5.1 SDO_TIN Object Type

The description of a TIN is stored in a single row, in a single column of object type SDO_TIN in a user-defined table. The object type SDO_TIN is defined as:

CREATE TYPE sdo_tin AS OBJECT
  (base_table          VARCHAR2(70),
   base_table_col      VARCHAR2(1024),
   tin_id              NUMBER.
   blk_table           VARCHAR2(70),
   ptn_params          VARCHAR2(1024),
   tin_extent          SDO_GEOMETRY,
   tin_tol             NUMBER,
   tin_tot_dimensions  NUMBER,
   tin_domain          SDO_ORGSCL_TYPE,
   tin_break_lines     SDO_GEOMETRY,
   tin_stop_lines      SDO_GEOMETRY,
   tin_void_rgns       SDO_GEOMETRY,
   tin_val_attr_tables SDO_STRING_ARRAY,
   tin_other_attrs     XMLTYPE);

The SDO_TIN type has the attributes shown in Table 2-4.

Figure 2-2 shows the storage model for TIN data, in which the TIN block table (specified in the BLK_TABLE attribute of the SDO_TIN type) stores the blocks associated with the SDO_TIN object.

Figure 2-2 Storage of TIN Data

Description of "Figure 2-2 Storage of TIN Data"

The TIN block table contains the columns shown in Table 2-5.

For each BLOB in the POINTS column of the TIN block table:

• The total size is (tdim+1)*8, where tdim is the total dimensionality of each block.

• The total size should be less than 5 MB for Oracle Database Release 11.1.0.6 or earlier; it should be less than 12 MB for Oracle Database Release 11.1.0.7 or later.

You can use an attribute name in a query on an object of SDO_TIN. Example 2-4 shows part of a SELECT statement that queries the TIN_EXTENT attribute of the TERRAIN column of a hypothetical LANDSCAPES table.

SELECT l.terrain.tin_extent FROM landscapes l WHERE ...;

2.5.2 SDO_TIN_BLK_TYPE and SDO_TIN_BLK Object Types

When you perform a clip operation using the SDO_TIN_PKG.CLIP_TIN function, an object of SDO_TIN_BLK_TYPE is returned, which is defined as TABLE OF SDO_TIN_BLK.

The attributes of the SDO_TIN_BLK object type are the same as the columns in the TIN block table, which is described in Table 2-5 in Section 2.5.2.

2.6.1 SDO_PC Object Type

The description of a point cloud is stored in a single row, in a single column of object type SDO_PC in a user-defined table. The object type SDO_PC is defined as:

CREATE TYPE sdo_pc AS OBJECT
  (base_table         VARCHAR2(70),
   base_table_col     VARCHAR2(1024),
   pc_id              NUMBER.
   blk_table          VARCHAR2(70),
   ptn_params         VARCHAR2(1024),
   pc_extent          SDO_GEOMETRY,
   pc_tol             NUMBER,
   pc_tot_dimensions  NUMBER,
   pc_domain          SDO_ORGSCL_TYPE,
   pc_val_attr_tables SDO_STRING_ARRAY,
   pc_other_attrs     XMLTYPE);

The SDO_PC type has the attributes shown in Table 2-6.

The point cloud block table (specified in the BLK_TABLE attribute of the SDO_PC type) contains the columns shown in Table 2-7.

You can use an attribute name in a query on an object of SDO_PC. Example 2-5 shows part of a SELECT statement that queries the PC_EXTENT attribute of the OCEAN_FLOOR column of a hypothetical OCEAN_FLOOR_MODEL table.

SELECT o.ocean_floor.pc_extent FROM ocean_floor_model o WHERE ...;

2.6.2 SDO_PC_BLK_TYPE and SDO_PC_BLK Object Type

When you perform a clip operation using the SDO_PC_PKG.CLIP_PC function, an object of SDO_PC_BLK_TYPE is returned, which is defined as TABLE OF SDO_PC_BLK.

The attributes of the SDO_PC_BLK object type are the same as the columns in the point cloud block table, which is described in Table 2-7 in Section 2.6.1.

2.7.1 Rectangle

Figure 2-3 illustrates the rectangle that represents cola_a in the example in Section 2.1.

Figure 2-3 Rectangle

Description of "Figure 2-3 Rectangle"

In the SDO_GEOMETRY definition of the geometry illustrated in Figure 2-3:

• SDO_GTYPE = 2003. The 2 indicates two-dimensional, and the 3 indicates a polygon.

• SDO_SRID = NULL.

• SDO_POINT = NULL.

• SDO_ELEM_INFO = (1, 1003, 3). The final 3 in 1,1003,3 indicates that this is a rectangle. Because it is a rectangle, only two ordinates are specified in SDO_ORDINATES (lower-left and upper-right).

• SDO_ORDINATES = (1,1, 5,7). These identify the lower-left and upper-right ordinates of the rectangle.

Example 2-6 shows a SQL statement that inserts the geometry illustrated in Figure 2-3 into the database.

INSERT INTO cola_markets VALUES(
  1,
  'cola_a',
  SDO_GEOMETRY(
    2003,  -- two-dimensional polygon
    NULL,
    NULL,
    SDO_ELEM_INFO_ARRAY(1,1003,3), -- one rectangle (1003 = exterior)
    SDO_ORDINATE_ARRAY(1,1, 5,7) -- only 2 points needed to
          -- define rectangle (lower left and upper right) with
          -- Cartesian-coordinate data
  )
);

2.7.2 Polygon with a Hole

Figure 2-4 illustrates a polygon consisting of two elements: an exterior polygon ring and an interior polygon ring. The inner element in this example is treated as a void (a hole).

Figure 2-4 Polygon with a Hole

Description of "Figure 2-4 Polygon with a Hole"

In the SDO_GEOMETRY definition of the geometry illustrated in Figure 2-4:

• SDO_GTYPE = 2003. The 2 indicates two-dimensional, and the 3 indicates a polygon.

• SDO_SRID = NULL.

• SDO_POINT = NULL.

• SDO_ELEM_INFO = (1,1003,1, 19,2003,1). There are two triplet elements: 1,1003,1 and 19,2003,1.

  1003 indicates that the element is an exterior polygon ring; 2003 indicates that the element is an interior polygon ring.

  19 indicates that the second element (the interior polygon ring) ordinate specification starts at the 19th number in the SDO_ORDINATES array (that is, 7, meaning that the first point is 7,5).

• SDO_ORDINATES = (2,4, 4,3, 10,3, 13,5, 13,9, 11,13, 5,13, 2,11, 2,4,
  7,5, 7,10, 10,10, 10,5, 7,5).

• The area (SDO_GEOM.SDO_AREA function) of the polygon is the area of the exterior polygon minus the area of the interior polygon. In this example, the area is 84 (99 - 15).

• The perimeter (SDO_GEOM.SDO_LENGTH function) of the polygon is the perimeter of the exterior polygon plus the perimeter of the interior polygon. In this example, the perimeter is 52.9193065 (36.9193065 + 16).

Example 2-7 shows a SQL statement that inserts the geometry illustrated in Figure 2-4 into the database.

INSERT INTO cola_markets VALUES(
  10,
  'polygon_with_hole',
  SDO_GEOMETRY(
    2003,  -- two-dimensional polygon
    NULL,
    NULL,
    SDO_ELEM_INFO_ARRAY(1,1003,1, 19,2003,1), -- polygon with hole
    SDO_ORDINATE_ARRAY(2,4, 4,3, 10,3, 13,5, 13,9, 11,13, 5,13, 2,11, 2,4,
        7,5, 7,10, 10,10, 10,5, 7,5)
  )
);

• Polygon A (one interior "hole"): exterior ring A0, interior ring A1

• Polygon B (two interior "holes"): exterior ring B0, interior ring B1, interior ring B2

The elements in SDO_ELEM_INFO and SDO_ORDINATES must be in one of the following orders (depending on whether you specify Polygon A or Polygon B first):

• A0, A1; B0, B1, B2

• B0, B1, B2; A0, A1

2.7.3 Compound Line String

Figure 2-5 illustrates a crescent-shaped object represented as a compound line string made up of one straight line segment and one circular arc. Four points are required to represent this shape: points (10,10) and (10,14) describe the straight line segment, and points (10,14), (6,10), and (14,10) describe the circular arc.

Figure 2-5 Compound Line String

Description of "Figure 2-5 Compound Line String"

In the SDO_GEOMETRY definition of the geometry illustrated in Figure 2-5:

• SDO_GTYPE = 2002. The first 2 indicates two-dimensional, and the second 2 indicates one or more line segments.

• SDO_SRID = NULL.

• SDO_POINT = NULL.

• SDO_ELEM_INFO = (1,4,2, 1,2,1, 3,2,2). There are three triplet elements: 1,4,2, 1,2,1, and 3,2,2.

  The first triplet indicates that this element is a compound line string made up of two subelement line strings, which are described with the next two triplets.

  The second triplet indicates that the line string is made up of straight line segments and that the ordinates for this line string start at offset 1. The end point of this line string is determined by the starting offset of the second line string, 3 in this instance.

  The third triplet indicates that the second line string is made up of circular arcs with ordinates starting at offset 3. The end point of this line string is determined by the starting offset of the next element or the current length of the SDO_ORDINATES array, if this is the last element.

• SDO_ORDINATES = (10,10, 10,14, 6,10, 14,10).

Example 2-8 shows a SQL statement that inserts the geometry illustrated in Figure 2-5 into the database.

INSERT INTO cola_markets VALUES(
  11,
  'compound_line_string',
  SDO_GEOMETRY(
    2002,
    NULL,
    NULL,
    SDO_ELEM_INFO_ARRAY(1,4,2, 1,2,1, 3,2,2), -- compound line string
    SDO_ORDINATE_ARRAY(10,10, 10,14, 6,10, 14,10)
  )
);

2.7.4 Compound Polygon

Figure 2-6 illustrates an ice cream cone-shaped object represented as a compound polygon made up of one straight line segment and one circular arc. Five points are required to represent this shape: points (6,10), (10,1), and (14,10) describe one acute angle-shaped line string, and points (14,10), (10,14), and (6,10) describe the circular arc. The starting point of the line string and the ending point of the circular arc are the same point (6,10). The SDO_ELEM_INFO array contains three triplets for this compound line string. These triplets are {(1,1005,2), (1,2,1), (5,2,2)}.

Figure 2-6 Compound Polygon

Description of "Figure 2-6 Compound Polygon"

In the SDO_GEOMETRY definition of the geometry illustrated in Figure 2-6:

• SDO_GTYPE = 2003. The 2 indicates two-dimensional, and the 3 indicates a polygon.

• SDO_SRID = NULL.

• SDO_POINT = NULL.

• SDO_ELEM_INFO = (1,1005,2, 1,2,1, 5,2,2). There are three triplet elements: 1,1005,2, 1,2,1, and 5,2,2.

  The first triplet indicates that this element is a compound polygon made up of two subelement line strings, which are described using the next two triplets.

  The second triplet indicates that the first subelement line string is made up of straight line segments and that the ordinates for this line string start at offset 1. The end point of this line string is determined by the starting offset of the second line string, 5 in this instance. Because the vertices are two-dimensional, the coordinates for the end point of the first line string are at ordinates 5 and 6.

  The third triplet indicates that the second subelement line string is made up of a circular arc with ordinates starting at offset 5. The end point of this line string is determined by the starting offset of the next element or the current length of the SDO_ORDINATES array, if this is the last element.

• SDO_ORDINATES = (6,10, 10,1, 14,10, 10,14, 6,10).

Example 2-9 shows a SQL statement that inserts the geometry illustrated in Figure 2-6 into the database.

INSERT INTO cola_markets VALUES(
  12,
  'compound_polygon',
  SDO_GEOMETRY(
    2003,  -- two-dimensional polygon
    NULL,
    NULL,
    SDO_ELEM_INFO_ARRAY(1,1005,2, 1,2,1, 5,2,2), -- compound polygon
    SDO_ORDINATE_ARRAY(6,10, 10,1, 14,10, 10,14, 6,10)
  )
);

2.7.5 Point

Figure 2-7 illustrates a point-only geometry at coordinates (12,14).

Figure 2-7 Point-Only Geometry

Description of "Figure 2-7 Point-Only Geometry"

In the SDO_GEOMETRY definition of the geometry illustrated in Figure 2-7:

• SDO_GTYPE = 2001. The 2 indicates two-dimensional, and the 1 indicates a single point.

• SDO_SRID = NULL.

• SDO_POINT = SDO_POINT_TYPE(12, 14, NULL). The SDO_POINT attribute is defined using the SDO_POINT_TYPE object type, because this is a point-only geometry.

  For more information about the SDO_POINT attribute, see Section 2.2.3.

• SDO_ELEM_INFO and SDO_ORDINATES are both NULL, as required if the SDO_POINT attribute is specified.

Example 2-10 shows a SQL statement that inserts the geometry illustrated in Figure 2-7 into the database.

INSERT INTO cola_markets VALUES(
   90,
   'point_only',
   SDO_GEOMETRY(
      2001,
      NULL,
      SDO_POINT_TYPE(12, 14, NULL),
      NULL,
      NULL));

You can search for point-only geometries based on the X, Y, and Z values in the SDO_POINT_TYPE specification. Example 2-11 is a query that asks for all points whose first coordinate (the X value) is 12, and it finds the point that was inserted in Example 2-10.

SELECT * from cola_markets c WHERE c.shape.SDO_POINT.X = 12;

    MKT_ID NAME                                                                
---------- --------------------------------                                     
SHAPE(SDO_GTYPE, SDO_SRID, SDO_POINT(X, Y, Z), SDO_ELEM_INFO, SDO_ORDINATES)    
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        90 point_only                                                           
SDO_GEOMETRY(2001, NULL, SDO_POINT_TYPE(12, 14, NULL), NULL, NULL)

2.7.6 Oriented Point

An oriented point is a special type of point geometry that includes coordinates representing the locations of the point and a virtual end point, to indicate an orientation vector that can be used for rotating a symbol at the point or extending a label from the point. The main use for an oriented point is in map visualization and display applications that include symbols, such as a shield symbol to indicate a highway.

To specify an oriented point:

• Use an SDO_GTYPE value (explained in Section 2.2.1) for a point or multipoint geometry.

• Specify a null value for the SDO_POINT attribute.

• In the SDO_ELEM_INFO array (explained in Section 2.2.4), specify an additional triplet, with the second and third values (SDO_ETYPE and SDO_INTERPRETATION) as 1 and 0. For example, a triplet of 3,1,0 indicates that the point is an oriented point, with the third number in the SDO_ORDINATES array being the first coordinate, or x-axis value, of the end point reflecting the orientation vector for any symbol or label.

• In the SDO_ORDINATES array (explained in Section 2.2.5), specify the coordinates of the end point for the orientation vector from the point, with values between -1 and 1. The orientation start point is assumed to be (0,0), and it is translated to the location of the physical point to which it corresponds.

Figure 2-8 illustrates an oriented point geometry at coordinates (12,14), with an orientation vector of approximately 34 degrees (counterclockwise from the x-axis), reflecting the orientation coordinates 0.3,0.2. (To have an orientation that more precisely matches a specific angle, refer to the cotangent or tangent values in the tables in a trigonometry textbook.) The orientation vector in this example goes from (0,0) to (0.3,0.2) and extends onward. Assuming i=0.3 and j=0.2, the angle in radians can be calculated as follows: angle in radians = arctan (j/i). The angle is then applied to the physical point associated with the orientation vector.

Figure 2-8 Oriented Point Geometry

Description of "Figure 2-8 Oriented Point Geometry"

In the SDO_GEOMETRY definition of the geometry illustrated in Figure 2-8:

• SDO_GTYPE = 2001. The 2 indicates two-dimensional, and the 1 indicates a single point.

• SDO_SRID = NULL.

• SDO_POINT = NULL.

• SDO_ELEM_INFO = (1,1,1, 3,1,0). The final 1,0 in 3,1,0 indicates that this is an oriented point.

• SDO_ORDINATES = (12,14, 0.3,0.2). The 12,14 identifies the physical coordinates of the point; and the 0.3,0.2 identifies the x and y coordinates (assuming 12,14 as the origin) of the end point of the orientation vector. The resulting orientation vector slopes upward at about a 34-degree angle.

Example 2-12 shows a SQL statement that inserts the geometry illustrated in Figure 2-8 into the database.

INSERT INTO cola_markets VALUES(
  91, 
  'oriented_point', 
  SDO_GEOMETRY(
    2001, 
    NULL, 
    NULL, 
    SDO_ELEM_INFO_ARRAY(1,1,1, 3,1,0), 
    SDO_ORDINATE_ARRAY(12,14, 0.3,0.2)));

The following guidelines apply to the definition of an oriented point:

• The numbers defining the orientation vector must be between -1 and 1. (In Example 2-12, these numbers are 0.3 and 0.2.)

• Multipoint oriented points are allowed (see Example 2-13), but the orientation information must follow the point being oriented.

The following considerations apply to the dimensionality of the orientation vector for an oriented point:

• A two-dimensional point has a two-dimensional orientation vector.

• A two-dimensional point with an LRS measure (SDO_GTYPE=3301) has a two-dimensional orientation vector.

• A three-dimensional point (SDO_GTYPE=3001) has a three-dimensional orientation vector.

• A three-dimensional point with an LRS measure (SDO_GTYPE=4401) has a three-dimensional orientation vector.

• A four-dimensional point (SDO_GTYPE=4001) has a three-dimensional orientation vector.

Example 2-13 shows a SQL statement that inserts an oriented multipoint geometry into the database. The multipoint geometry contains two points, at coordinates (12,14) and (12, 10), with the two points having different orientation vectors. The statement is similar to the one in Example 2-12, but in Example 2-13 the second point has an orientation vector pointing down and to the left at 45 degrees (or, 135 degrees clockwise from the x-axis), reflecting the orientation coordinates -1,-1.

-- Oriented multipoint: 2 points, different orientations
INSERT INTO cola_markets VALUES(
  92,
  'oriented_multipoint',
  SDO_GEOMETRY(
    2005, -- Multipoint
    NULL,
    NULL,
    SDO_ELEM_INFO_ARRAY(1,1,1, 3,1,0, 5,1,1, 7,1,0),
    SDO_ORDINATE_ARRAY(12,14, 0.3,0.2, 12,10, -1,-1)));

2.7.7 Type 0 (Zero) Element

Type 0 (zero) elements are used to model geometry types that are not supported by Oracle Spatial and Graph, such as curves and splines. A type 0 element has an SDO_ETYPE value of 0. (See Section 2.2.4 for information about the SDO_ETYPE.) Type 0 elements are not indexed by Oracle Spatial and Graph, and they are ignored by spatial functions and procedures.

Geometries with type 0 elements must contain at least one nonzero element, that is, an element with an SDO_ETYPE value that is not 0. The nonzero element should be an approximation of the unsupported geometry, and therefore it must have both:

• An SDO_ETYPE value associated with a geometry type supported by Spatial and Graph

• An SDO_INTERPRETATION value that is valid for the SDO_ETYPE value (see Table 2-2)

  (The SDO_INTERPRETATION value for the type 0 element can be any numeric value, and applications are responsible for determining the validity and significance of the value.)

The nonzero element is indexed by Spatial and Graph, and it will be returned by the spatial index.

The SDO_GTYPE value for a geometry containing a type 0 element must be set to the value for the geometry type of the nonzero element.

Figure 2-9 shows a geometry with two elements: a curve (unsupported geometry) and a rectangle (the nonzero element) that approximates the curve. The curve looks like the letter S, and the rectangle is represented by the dashed line.

Figure 2-9 Geometry with Type 0 (Zero) Element

Description of "Figure 2-9 Geometry with Type 0 (Zero) Element"

In the example shown in Figure 2-9:

• The SDO_GTYPE value for the geometry is 2003 (for a two-dimensional polygon).

• The SDO_ELEM_INFO array contains two triplets for this compound line string. For example, the triplets might be {(1,0,57), (11,1003,3)}. That is:

  Ordinate Starting Offset (SDO_STARTING_OFFSET)	Element Type (SDO_ETYPE)	Interpretation (SDO_INTERPRETATION)
  1	0	57
  11	1003	3

  
  

In this example:

• The type 0 element has an SDO_ETYPE value of 0.

• The nonzero element (rectangle) has an SDO_ETYPE value of 1003, indicating an exterior polygon ring.

• The nonzero element has an SDO_STARTING_OFFSET value of 11 because ordinate x6 is the eleventh ordinate in the geometry.

• The type 0 element has an SDO_INTERPRETATION value whose significance is application-specific. In this example, the SDO_INTERPRETATION value is 57.

• The nonzero element has an SDO_INTERPRETATION value that is valid for the SDO_ETYPE of 1003. In this example, the SDO_INTERPRETATION value is 3, indicating a rectangle defined by two points (lower-left and upper-right).

Example 2-14 shows a SQL statement that inserts the geometry with a type 0 element (similar to the geometry illustrated in Figure 2-9) into the database. In the SDO_ORDINATE_ARRAY structure, the curve is defined by points (6,6), (12,6), (9,8), (6,10), and (12,10), and the rectangle is defined by points (6,4) and (12,12).

INSERT INTO cola_markets VALUES(
  13,
  'type_zero_element_geom',
  SDO_GEOMETRY(
    2003,  -- two-dimensional polygon
    NULL,
    NULL,
    SDO_ELEM_INFO_ARRAY(1,0,57, 11,1003,3), -- 1st is type 0 element
    SDO_ORDINATE_ARRAY(6,6, 12,6, 9,8, 6,10, 12,10, 6,4, 12,12)
  )
);

2.7.8 NURBS Curve

A NURBS (non-uniform rational B-spline) curve allows the representation of free-form shapes with arbitrary shapes. NURBS representation allows control over the shape of the curve because control points and knots guide the shape of the curve, and they allow complex shapes to be represented with little data. For an explanation of NURBS curves and the requirements for defining a NURBS curve geometry, see Section 1.13, "NURBS Curve Support in Oracle Spatial and Graph".

Example 2-15 shows a SQL statement that inserts a NURBS curve geometry into the database.

CREATE TABLE nurbs_test (gid  integer, geom sdo_geometry);
 
INSERT INTO nurbs_test values(
  1,
  SDO_GEOMETRY(
    2002,
    NULL,
    NULL,
    SDO_ELEM_INFO_ARRAY(1, 2, 3),  /* Element type 2 = SDO_ETYPE_CURVE and Interpretation value 3 = NURBS curve */
    SDO_ORDINATE_ARRAY
      (3,        /* Degree of the NURBS curve */
       7,        /* Number of weighted Control Points */
       0, 0, 1,  /* x1, y1, w1 where w1 denotes the weight of the control point and x1, y1 are weighted values. Implies the actual coordinate values have been multiplied by w1 */
       -0.5, 1, 1,
       0.2, 2, 1,
       0.5, 3.5, 1,
       0.8, 2, 1,
       0.9, 1, 1,
       0.3, 0, 1,
       11,     /* Number of knot values = Number of control points + degree + 1 */
       0, 0, 0, 0,  0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0)));  /* Normalized knot vector; values start at zero and end at 1. Clamped at end points as multiplicity of zero and one is 4, which is equal to the degree of the curve + 1 */

In the SDO_GEOMETRY definition of the geometry illustrated in Example 2-15:

• SDO_GTYPE = 2002. The first 2 indicates two-dimensional, and the second 2 indicates a single line string.

• SDO_SRID = NULL. Note that geodetic NURBS curves are not permitted in Oracle Spatial and Graph.

• SDO_POINT = NULL.

• SDO_ELEM_INFO_ARRAY = (1,2,3). The SDO_INTERPRETATION value of 3 indicates a NURBS curve.

• In the SDO_ORDINATE_ARRAY, 3 is the degree of the NURBS curve, 7 is the number of weighted control points, and 11 in the number of knot values.

Example 2-16 shows the insertion of a compound curve geometry that has a NURBS segment. It uses the same NURBS_TEST table created in Example 2-15 .

INSERT INTO nurbs_test VALUES(
  1, 
  SDO_GEOMETRY(2002, NULL, NULL, 
    SDO_ELEM_INFO_ARRAY(1, 4, 2, 1, 2, 1, 5, 2, 3), 
    SDO_ORDINATE_ARRAY(-1, -1, 0, 0, 3, 7, 0, 0, 1, -0.5, 1, 1, 
      0.2, 2, 1, 0.5, 3.5, 1, 0.8, 2, 1, 0.9, 1, 1, 0.3, 
      0, 1, 11, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0)
    ));

In the SDO_GEOMETRY definition of the geometry illustrated in Example 2-16:

• SDO_GTYPE = 2002. The first 2 indicates two-dimensional, and the second 2 indicates a single line string.

• SDO_SRID = NULL. Note that geodetic NURBS curves are not permitted in Oracle Spatial and Graph.

• SDO_POINT = NULL.

• SDO_ELEM_INFO_ARRAY = (1, 4, 2, 1, 2, 1, 5, 2, 3). The first triplet indicates a compound line string (interpretation = 4) with two elements. The next two triplets define the segments of the compound line string: the first segment is a line string beginning at offset 1; the second segment is a NURBS segment beginning at offset 5.

• In the SDO_ORDINATE_ARRAY, the first 4 values define the first segment, which is a simple line string. For compound line strings containing at least one NURBS segment, the common vertices will be repeated across segments. In this example, the last point of the line string (0,0) must be equal to the first "clamped" point of the NURBS curve (0,0). The NURBS segment is defined beginning at offset 5 and the first control point is (0,0), which follows the degree (3) and the number of control points (7). The NURBS segment has 11 knot values.

2.7.9 Several Two-Dimensional Geometry Types

Example 2-17 creates a table and inserts various two-dimensional geometries, including multipoints (point clusters), multipolygons, and collections. At the end, it calls the SDO_GEOM.VALIDATE_GEOMETRY_WITH_CONTEXT function to validate the inserted geometries. Note that some geometries are deliberately invalid, and their descriptions include the string INVALID.

CREATE TABLE t1 (
  i NUMBER,
  d VARCHAR2(50),
  g SDO_GEOMETRY
);
INSERT INTO t1 (i, d, g)
VALUES (
  1,
  'Point',
  sdo_geometry (2001, null, null, sdo_elem_info_array (1,1,1), 
    sdo_ordinate_array (10,5))
);
INSERT INTO t1 (i, d, g)
VALUES (
  2,
  'Line segment',
  sdo_geometry (2002, null, null, sdo_elem_info_array (1,2,1), 
    sdo_ordinate_array (10,10, 20,10))
);
INSERT INTO t1 (i, d, g)
VALUES (
  3,
  'Arc segment',
  sdo_geometry (2002, null, null, sdo_elem_info_array (1,2,2), 
    sdo_ordinate_array (10,15, 15,20, 20,15))
);
INSERT INTO t1 (i, d, g)
VALUES (
  4,
  'Line string',
  sdo_geometry (2002, null, null, sdo_elem_info_array (1,2,1), 
    sdo_ordinate_array (10,25, 20,30, 25,25, 30,30))
);
INSERT INTO t1 (i, d, g)
VALUES (
  5,
  'Arc string',
  sdo_geometry (2002, null, null, sdo_elem_info_array (1,2,2), 
    sdo_ordinate_array (10,35, 15,40, 20,35, 25,30, 30,35))
);
INSERT INTO t1 (i, d, g)
VALUES (
  6,
  'Compound line string',
  sdo_geometry (2002, null, null, 
    sdo_elem_info_array (1,4,3, 1,2,1, 3,2,2, 7,2,1), 
    sdo_ordinate_array (10,45, 20,45, 23,48, 20,51, 10,51))
);
INSERT INTO t1 (i, d, g)
VALUES (
  7,
  'Closed line string',
  sdo_geometry (2002, null, null, sdo_elem_info_array (1,2,1), 
    sdo_ordinate_array (10,55, 15,55, 20,60, 10,60, 10,55))
);
INSERT INTO t1 (i, d, g)
VALUES (
  8,
  'Closed arc string',
  sdo_geometry (2002, null, null, sdo_elem_info_array (1,2,2), 
    sdo_ordinate_array (15,65, 10,68, 15,70, 20,68, 15,65))
);
INSERT INTO t1 (i, d, g)
VALUES (
  9,
  'Closed mixed line',
  sdo_geometry (2002, null, null, sdo_elem_info_array (1,4,2, 1,2,1, 7,2,2), 
    sdo_ordinate_array (10,78, 10,75, 20,75, 20,78, 15,80, 10,78))
);
INSERT INTO t1 (i, d, g)
VALUES (
  10,
  'Self-crossing line',
  sdo_geometry (2002, null, null, sdo_elem_info_array (1,2,1), 
    sdo_ordinate_array (10,85, 20,90, 20,85, 10,90, 10,85))
);
INSERT INTO t1 (i, d, g)
VALUES (
  11,
  'Polygon',
  sdo_geometry (2003, null, null, sdo_elem_info_array (1,1003,1), 
    sdo_ordinate_array (10,105, 15,105, 20,110, 10,110, 10,105))
);
INSERT INTO t1 (i, d, g)
VALUES (
  12,
  'Arc polygon',
  sdo_geometry (2003, null, null, sdo_elem_info_array (1,1003,2), 
    sdo_ordinate_array (15,115, 20,118, 15,120, 10,118, 15,115))
);
INSERT INTO t1 (i, d, g)
VALUES (
  13,
  'Compound polygon',
  sdo_geometry (2003, null, null, sdo_elem_info_array (1,1005,2, 1,2,1, 7,2,2), 
    sdo_ordinate_array (10,128, 10,125, 20,125, 20,128, 15,130, 10,128))
);
INSERT INTO t1 (i, d, g)
VALUES (
  14,
  'Rectangle',
  sdo_geometry (2003, null, null, sdo_elem_info_array (1,1003,3), 
    sdo_ordinate_array (10,135, 20,140))
);
INSERT INTO t1 (i, d, g)
VALUES (
  15,
  'Circle',
  sdo_geometry (2003, null, null, sdo_elem_info_array (1,1003,4), 
    sdo_ordinate_array (15,145, 10,150, 20,150))
);
INSERT INTO t1 (i, d, g)
VALUES (
  16,
  'Point cluster',
  sdo_geometry (2005, null, null, sdo_elem_info_array (1,1,3), 
    sdo_ordinate_array (50,5, 55,7, 60,5))
);
INSERT INTO t1 (i, d, g)
VALUES (
  17,
  'Multipoint',
  sdo_geometry (2005, null, null, sdo_elem_info_array (1,1,1, 3,1,1, 5,1,1), 
    sdo_ordinate_array (65,5, 70,7, 75,5))
);
INSERT INTO t1 (i, d, g)
VALUES (
  18,
  'Multiline',
  sdo_geometry (2006, null, null, sdo_elem_info_array (1,2,1, 5,2,1), 
    sdo_ordinate_array (50,15, 55,15, 60,15, 65,15))
);
INSERT INTO t1 (i, d, g)
VALUES (
  19,
  'Multiline - crossing',
  sdo_geometry (2006, null, null, sdo_elem_info_array (1,2,1, 5,2,1), 
    sdo_ordinate_array (50,22, 60,22, 55,20, 55,25))
);
INSERT INTO t1 (i, d, g)
VALUES (
  20,
  'Multiarc',
  sdo_geometry (2006, null, null, sdo_elem_info_array (1,2,2, 7,2,2), 
    sdo_ordinate_array (50,35, 55,40, 60,35, 65,35, 70,30, 75,35))
);
INSERT INTO t1 (i, d, g)
VALUES (
  21,
  'Multiline - closed',
  sdo_geometry (2006, null, null, sdo_elem_info_array (1,2,1, 9,2,1), 
    sdo_ordinate_array (50,55, 50,60, 55,58, 50,55, 56,58, 60,55, 60,60, 56,58))
);
INSERT INTO t1 (i, d, g)
VALUES (
  22,
  'Multiarc - touching',
  sdo_geometry (2006, null, null, sdo_elem_info_array (1,2,2, 7,2,2), 
    sdo_ordinate_array (50,65, 50,70, 55,68, 55,68, 60,65, 60,70))
);
INSERT INTO t1 (i, d, g)
VALUES (
  23,
  'Multipolygon - disjoint',
  sdo_geometry (2007, null, null, sdo_elem_info_array (1,1003,1, 11,1003,3), 
    sdo_ordinate_array (50,105, 55,105, 60,110, 50,110, 50,105, 62,108, 65,112))
);
INSERT INTO t1 (i, d, g)
VALUES (
  24,
  'Multipolygon - touching',
  sdo_geometry (2007, null, null, sdo_elem_info_array (1,1003,3, 5,1003,3), 
    sdo_ordinate_array (50,115, 55,120, 55,120, 58,122))
);
INSERT INTO t1 (i, d, g)
VALUES (
  25,
  'Multipolygon - tangent * INVALID 13351',
  sdo_geometry (2007, null, null, sdo_elem_info_array (1,1003,3, 5,1003,3), 
    sdo_ordinate_array (50,125, 55,130, 55,128, 60,132))
);
INSERT INTO t1 (i, d, g)
VALUES (
  26,
  'Multipolygon - multi-touch',
  sdo_geometry (2007, null, null, sdo_elem_info_array (1,1003,1, 17,1003,1), 
    sdo_ordinate_array (50,95, 55,95, 53,96, 55,97, 53,98, 55,99, 50,99, 50,95, 
      55,100, 55,95, 60,95, 60,100, 55,100))
);
INSERT INTO t1 (i, d, g)
VALUES (
  27,
  'Polygon with void',
  sdo_geometry (2003, null, null, sdo_elem_info_array (1,1003,3, 5,2003,3), 
    sdo_ordinate_array (50,135, 60,140, 51,136, 59,139))
);
INSERT INTO t1 (i, d, g)
VALUES (
  28,
  'Polygon with void - reverse',
  sdo_geometry (2003, null, null, sdo_elem_info_array (1,2003,3, 5,1003,3), 
    sdo_ordinate_array (51,146, 59,149, 50,145, 60,150))
);
INSERT INTO t1 (i, d, g)
VALUES (
  29,
  'Crescent (straight lines) * INVALID 13349',
  sdo_geometry (2003, null, null, sdo_elem_info_array (1,1003,1), 
    sdo_ordinate_array (10,175, 10,165, 20,165, 15,170, 25,170, 20,165, 
      30,165, 30,175, 10,175))
);
INSERT INTO t1 (i, d, g)
VALUES (
  30,
  'Crescent (arcs) * INVALID 13349',
  sdo_geometry (2003, null, null, sdo_elem_info_array (1,1003,2), 
    sdo_ordinate_array (14,180, 10,184, 14,188, 18,184, 14,180, 16,182, 
      14,184, 12,182, 14,180))
);
INSERT INTO t1 (i, d, g)
VALUES (
  31,
  'Heterogeneous collection',
  sdo_geometry (2004, null, null, sdo_elem_info_array (1,1,1, 3,2,1, 7,1003,1), 
    sdo_ordinate_array (10,5, 10,10, 20,10, 10,105, 15,105, 20,110, 10,110,
      10,105))
);
INSERT INTO t1 (i, d, g)
VALUES (
  32,
  'Polygon+void+island touch',
  sdo_geometry (2007, null, null, 
    sdo_elem_info_array (1,1003,1, 11,2003,1, 31,1003,1), 
    sdo_ordinate_array (50,168, 50,160, 55,160, 55,168, 50,168,  51,167,
      54,167, 54,161, 51,161, 51,162, 52,163, 51,164, 51,165, 51,166, 51,167, 
      52,166, 52,162, 53,162, 53,166, 52,166))
);
COMMIT;
SELECT i, d, SDO_GEOM.VALIDATE_GEOMETRY_WITH_CONTEXT (g, 0.5) FROM t1;

2.7.10 Three-Dimensional Geometry Types

Example 2-18 creates several tables (POINTS3D, LINES3D, and POLYGONS3D), and inserts three-dimensional objects into each table as appropriate (points into POINTS3D; lines into LINES3D; and polygons, surfaces, and solids into POLYGONS3D). Example 2-19 then creates the metadata and spatial indexes for the tables.

For information about support for three-dimensional geometries, see Section 1.11.

create table points3d(id number, geometry sdo_geometry);
insert into points3d values(1, sdo_geometry(3001,null,
             sdo_point_type(0,0,0), null, null));
insert into points3d values(2, sdo_geometry(3001,null,
             sdo_point_type(1,1,1), null, null));
insert into points3d values(3, sdo_geometry(3001,null,
             sdo_point_type(0,1,1), null, null));
insert into points3d values(4, sdo_geometry(3001,null,
             sdo_point_type(0,0,1), null, null));
insert into points3d values(5, sdo_geometry(3001,null,
             sdo_point_type(1,1,0), null, null));
insert into points3d values(6, sdo_geometry(3001,null,
             sdo_point_type(1,0,1), null, null));
insert into points3d values(7, sdo_geometry(3001,null,
             sdo_point_type(1,0,0), null, null));
insert into points3d values(8, sdo_geometry(3001,null,
             sdo_point_type(0,1,0), null, null));
insert into points3d values(9, sdo_geometry(3005,null, null,
             sdo_elem_info_array(1,1,1, 4,1,1),
             sdo_ordinate_array(1,1,1, 0,0,0)));
 
create table lines3d(id number, geometry sdo_geometry);
insert into lines3d values(1, sdo_geometry(3002,null, null,
             sdo_elem_info_array(1,2,1),
             sdo_ordinate_array(1,1,1, 0,0,0)));
insert into lines3d values(2, sdo_geometry(3002,null, null,
             sdo_elem_info_array(1,2,1),
             sdo_ordinate_array(1,0,1, 0,1,0)));
insert into lines3d values(2, sdo_geometry(3002,null, null,
             sdo_elem_info_array(1,2,1),
             sdo_ordinate_array(0,1,1, 1,0,0)));
insert into lines3d values(3, sdo_geometry(3002,null, null,
             sdo_elem_info_array(1,2,1),
             sdo_ordinate_array(0,1,1, 1,0,0)));
insert into lines3d values(4, sdo_geometry(3002,null, null,
             sdo_elem_info_array(1,2,1),
             sdo_ordinate_array(0,1,0, 1,0,1)));
 
create table polygons3d(id number, geometry sdo_geometry);
 
-- Simple Polygon
-- All points have to be on the same plane.
insert into polygons3d values(1, 
SDO_Geometry (3003,NULL,NULL ,  
 SDO_Elem_Info_Array(1,1003,1),  
 SDO_Ordinate_Array(0.5,0.0,0.0,
0.5,1.0,0.0,
0.0,1.0,1.0,
0.0,0.0,1.0,
0.5,0.0,0.0
)));
insert into polygons3d values(2, 
SDO_Geometry (3003,NULL,NULL ,  
 SDO_Elem_Info_Array(1,1003,1),  
 SDO_Ordinate_Array(6.0,6.0,6.0,
5.0,6.0,10.0,
3.0,4.0,8.0,
4.0,4.0,4.0,
6.0,6.0,6.0
)));
insert into polygons3d values(3, 
SDO_Geometry (3007,NULL,NULL ,  
 SDO_Elem_Info_Array(1,1003,1,16,1003,1),  
 SDO_Ordinate_Array(6.0,6.0,6.0,
5.0,6.0,10.0,
3.0,4.0,8.0,
4.0,4.0,4.0,
6.0,6.0,6.0,
0.5,0.0,0.0,
0.5,1.0,0.0,
0.0,1.0,1.0,
0.0,0.0,1.0,
0.5,0.0,0.0
)));
-- Polygon with a Hole (same rules as 2D) plus all points on the same plane
insert into polygons3d values(4, 
SDO_Geometry (3003,NULL,NULL ,  
 SDO_Elem_Info_Array(1,1003,1,16,2003,1),  
 SDO_Ordinate_Array(0.5,0.0,0.0,
0.5,1.0,0.0,
0.0,1.0,1.0,
0.0,0.0,1.0,
0.5,0.0,0.0,
0.25,0.5,0.5,
0.15,0.5,0.7,
0.15,0.6,0.7,
0.25,0.6,0.5,
0.25,0.5,0.5
)));
-- Surface with 2 3D polygons (on same plane)
insert into polygons3d values(5, 
SDO_Geometry (3003,NULL,NULL ,  
 SDO_Elem_Info_Array(1,1006,2,1,1003,1,16,1003,1),  
 SDO_Ordinate_Array(0.5,0.0,0.0,
0.5,1.0,0.0,
0.0,1.0,0.0,
0.0,0.0,0.0,
0.5,0.0,0.0,
1.5,0.0,0.0,
2.5,1.0,0.0,
1.5,2.0,0.0,
0.5,2.0,0.0,
0.5,0.0,0.0,
1.5,0.0,0.0
)));
-- Surface with 2 3D polygons (on two planes)
insert into polygons3d values(5, 
SDO_Geometry(3003,NULL,NULL , 
 SDO_Elem_Info_Array(1,1006,2,1,1003,3,7,1003,3),  
 SDO_Ordinate_Array(2,2,2,
4,4,2,
2,2,2,
4,2,4
)));
-- Surface with 2 3D polygons
-- First polygon has one ext and one int.
insert into polygons3d values(6, 
SDO_Geometry (3003,NULL,NULL ,  
 SDO_Elem_Info_Array(1,1006,2,1,1003,1,16,2003,1,31,1003,1),  
 SDO_Ordinate_Array(0.5,0.0,0.0,
0.5,1.0,0.0,
0.0,1.0,1.0,
0.0,0.0,1.0,
0.5,0.0,0.0,
0.25,0.5,0.5,
0.15,0.5,0.7,
0.15,0.6,0.7,
0.25,0.6,0.5,
0.25,0.5,0.5,
1.5,0.0,0.0,
2.5,1.0,0.0,
1.5,2.0,0.0,
0.5,2.0,0.0,
0.5,0.0,0.0,
1.5,0.0,0.0
)));
--3D Surface with 3 3D polygons
insert into polygons3d values(7, 
SDO_Geometry (3003,NULL,NULL ,  
 SDO_Elem_Info_Array(1,1006,3,1,1003,1,16,1003,1,34,1003,1),  
 SDO_Ordinate_Array(0.5,0.0,0.0,
0.5,1.0,0.0,
0.0,1.0,1.0,
0.0,0.0,1.0,
0.5,0.0,0.0,
1.5,0.0,0.0,
2.5,1.0,0.0,
1.5,2.0,0.0,
0.5,2.0,0.0,
0.5,0.0,0.0,
1.5,0.0,0.0,
1.5,0.0,0.0,
2.5,0.0,0.0,
2.5,1.0,0.0,
1.5,0.0,0.0
)));
-- 3D surface with 3 3D polygons
insert into polygons3d values(8, 
SDO_Geometry (3003,NULL,NULL ,  
 SDO_Elem_Info_Array(1,1006,3,1,1003,1,16,2003,1,31,1003,1,49,1003,1),  
 SDO_Ordinate_Array(0.5,0.0,0.0,
0.5,1.0,0.0,
0.0,1.0,1.0,
0.0,0.0,1.0,
0.5,0.0,0.0,
0.25,0.5,0.5,
0.15,0.5,0.7,
0.15,0.6,0.7,
0.25,0.6,0.5,
0.25,0.5,0.5,
1.5,0.0,0.0,
2.5,1.0,0.0,
1.5,2.0,0.0,
0.5,2.0,0.0,
0.5,0.0,0.0,
1.5,0.0,0.0,
0.5,1.0,0.0,
0.5,2.0,0.0,
0.0,2.0,0.0,
0.0,1.0,0.0,
0.5,1.0,0.0
)));
-- Simple 3D polygon
insert into polygons3d values(9, 
SDO_Geometry (3003,NULL,NULL ,  
 SDO_Elem_Info_Array(1,1003,1),  
 SDO_Ordinate_Array(0.0,-4.0,1.0,
4.0,-4.0,1.0,
5.0,-3.0,1.0,
5.0,0.0,1.0,
3.0,1.0,1.0,
-1.0,1.0,1.0,
-3.0,0.5,1.0,
0.0,0.0,1.0,
-6.0,-2.0,1.0,
-6.0,-3.5,1.0,
-2.0,-3.5,1.0,
0.0,-4.0,1.0
)));
-- SOLID with 6 polygons
insert into polygons3d values(10, 
SDO_Geometry (3008,NULL,NULL ,  
 SDO_Elem_Info_Array(1,1007,1,1,1006,6,1,1003,1,16,1003,1,31,1003,1,46,1003,1,61,1003,1,76,1003,1),  
 SDO_Ordinate_Array(1.0,0.0,-1.0,
1.0,1.0,-1.0,
1.0,1.0,1.0,
1.0,0.0,1.0,
1.0,0.0,-1.0,
1.0,0.0,1.0,
0.0,0.0,1.0,
0.0,0.0,-1.0,
1.0,0.0,-1.0,
1.0,0.0,1.0,
0.0,1.0,1.0,
0.0,1.0,-1.0,
0.0,0.0,-1.0,
0.0,0.0,1.0,
0.0,1.0,1.0,
1.0,1.0,-1.0,
0.0,1.0,-1.0,
0.0,1.0,1.0,
1.0,1.0,1.0,
1.0,1.0,-1.0,
1.0,1.0,1.0,
0.0,1.0,1.0,
0.0,0.0,1.0,
1.0,0.0,1.0,
1.0,1.0,1.0,
1.0,1.0,-1.0,
1.0,0.0,-1.0,
0.0,0.0,-1.0,
0.0,1.0,-1.0,
1.0,1.0,-1.0
)));
-- Simple SOLID with 6 polygons
-- All polygons are described using the optimized rectangle representation.
insert into polygons3d values(11,
SDO_Geometry (3008,NULL,NULL , SDO_Elem_Info_Array(1,1007,1,1,1006,6,1,1003,3,7,1003,3,13,1003,3,19,1003,3,25,1003,3,31,1003,3), 
SDO_Ordinate_Array(1.0,0.0,-1.0,
1.0,1.0,1.0,
1.0,0.0,1.0,
0.0,0.0,-1.0,
0.0,1.0,1.0,
0.0,0.0,-1.0,
0.0,1.0,-1.0,
1.0,1.0,1.0,
0.0,0.0,1.0,
1.0,1.0,1.0,
1.0,1.0,-1.0,
0.0,0.0,-1.0
)));
-- Multi-Solid
-- Both solids use optimized representation.
insert into polygons3d values(12, 
SDO_Geometry (3009,NULL,NULL ,  
 SDO_Elem_Info_Array(1,1007,3,7,1007,3),  
 SDO_Ordinate_Array(-2.0,1.0,3.0,
-3.0,-1.0,0.0,
0.0,0.0,0.0,
1.0,1.0,1.0
)));
-- Multi-Solid - like multipolygon in 2D
-- disjoint solids
insert into polygons3d values(13,
SDO_Geometry (3009,NULL,NULL , SDO_Elem_Info_Array(1,1007,1,1,1006,6,1,1003,1,16,1003,1,31,1003,1,46,1003,1,61,1003,1,76,1003,1,91,1007,1,91,1006,7,91,1003,1,106,1003,1,121,1003,1,136,1003,1,151,1003,1,166,1003,1,184,1003,1), 
SDO_Ordinate_Array(1.0,0.0,4.0,
1.0,1.0,4.0,
1.0,1.0,6.0,
1.0,0.0,6.0,
1.0,0.0,4.0,
1.0,0.0,6.0,
0.0,0.0,6.0,
0.0,0.0,4.0,
1.0,0.0,4.0,
1.0,0.0,6.0,
0.0,1.0,6.0,
0.0,1.0,4.0,
0.0,0.0,4.0,
0.0,0.0,6.0,
0.0,1.0,6.0,
1.0,1.0,4.0,
0.0,1.0,4.0,
0.0,1.0,6.0,
1.0,1.0,6.0,
1.0,1.0,4.0,
1.0,1.0,6.0,
0.0,1.0,6.0,
0.0,0.0,6.0,
1.0,0.0,6.0,
1.0,1.0,6.0,
1.0,1.0,4.0,
1.0,0.0,4.0,
0.0,0.0,4.0,
0.0,1.0,4.0,
1.0,1.0,4.0,
2.0,0.0,3.0,
2.0,0.0,0.0,
4.0,2.0,0.0,
4.0,2.0,3.0,
2.0,0.0,3.0,
4.5,-2.0,3.0,
4.5,-2.0,0.0,
2.0,0.0,0.0,
2.0,0.0,3.0,
4.5,-2.0,3.0,
4.5,-2.0,3.0,
-2.0,-2.0,3.0,
-2.0,-2.0,0.0,
4.5,-2.0,0.0,
4.5,-2.0,3.0,
-2.0,-2.0,3.0,
-2.0,2.0,3.0,
-2.0,2.0,0.0,
-2.0,-2.0,0.0,
-2.0,-2.0,3.0,
4.0,2.0,3.0,
4.0,2.0,0.0,
-2.0,2.0,0.0,
-2.0,2.0,3.0,
4.0,2.0,3.0,
2.0,0.0,3.0,
4.0,2.0,3.0,
-2.0,2.0,3.0,
-2.0,-2.0,3.0,
4.5,-2.0,3.0,
2.0,0.0,3.0,
2.0,0.0,0.0,
4.5,-2.0,0.0,
-2.0,-2.0,0.0,
-2.0,2.0,0.0,
4.0,2.0,0.0,
2.0,0.0,0.0
)));
 
-- SOLID with a hole 
-- etype = 1007 exterior solid
-- etype = 2007 is interior solid
-- All polygons of etype=2007 are described as 2003's.
insert into polygons3d values(14, 
SDO_Geometry (3008,NULL,NULL ,  
 SDO_Elem_Info_Array(1,1007,1,1,1006,7,1,1003,1,16,1003,1,31,1003,1,46,1003,1,61,1003,1,76,1003,1,94,1003,1,112,2006,6,112,2003,1,127,2003,1,142,2003,1,157,2003,1,172,2003,1,187,2003,1),  
 SDO_Ordinate_Array(2.0,0.0,3.0,
2.0,0.0,0.0,
4.0,2.0,0.0,
4.0,2.0,3.0,
2.0,0.0,3.0,
4.5,-2.0,3.0,
4.5,-2.0,0.0,
2.0,0.0,0.0,
2.0,0.0,3.0,
4.5,-2.0,3.0,
4.5,-2.0,3.0,
-2.0,-2.0,3.0,
-2.0,-2.0,0.0,
4.5,-2.0,0.0,
4.5,-2.0,3.0,
-2.0,-2.0,3.0,
-2.0,2.0,3.0,
-2.0,2.0,0.0,
-2.0,-2.0,0.0,
-2.0,-2.0,3.0,
4.0,2.0,3.0,
4.0,2.0,0.0,
-2.0,2.0,0.0,
-2.0,2.0,3.0,
4.0,2.0,3.0,
2.0,0.0,3.0,
4.0,2.0,3.0,
-2.0,2.0,3.0,
-2.0,-2.0,3.0,
4.5,-2.0,3.0,
2.0,0.0,3.0,
2.0,0.0,0.0,
4.5,-2.0,0.0,
-2.0,-2.0,0.0,
-2.0,2.0,0.0,
4.0,2.0,0.0,
2.0,0.0,0.0,
1.0,1.0,2.5,
-1.0,1.0,2.5,
-1.0,1.0,0.5,
1.0,1.0,0.5,
1.0,1.0,2.5,
-1.0,1.0,2.5,
-1.0,-1.0,2.5,
-1.0,-1.0,0.5,
-1.0,1.0,0.5,
-1.0,1.0,2.5,
-1.0,-1.0,2.5,
1.0,-1.0,2.5,
1.0,-1.0,0.5,
-1.0,-1.0,0.5,
-1.0,-1.0,2.5,
1.0,-1.0,2.5,
1.0,1.0,2.5,
1.0,1.0,0.5,
1.0,-1.0,0.5,
1.0,-1.0,2.5,
-1.0,-1.0,2.5,
-1.0,1.0,2.5,
1.0,1.0,2.5,
1.0,-1.0,2.5,
-1.0,-1.0,2.5,
1.0,1.0,0.5,
-1.0,1.0,0.5,
-1.0,-1.0,0.5,
1.0,-1.0,0.5,
1.0,1.0,0.5
)));
-- Gtype = SOLID
-- The elements make up one composite solid (non-disjoint solids) like a cube
-- on a cube on a cube.
-- This is made up of two solid elements.
-- Each solid element here is a simple solid.
insert into polygons3d values(15, 
SDO_Geometry (3008,NULL,NULL ,  
 SDO_Elem_Info_Array(1,1008,2,1,1007,1,1,1006,6,1,1003,1,16,1003,1,31,1003,1,46,1003,1,61,1003,1,76,1003,1,91,1007,1,91,1006,7,91,1003,1,106,1003,1,121,1003,1,136,1003,1,151,1003,1,166,1003,1,184,1003,1),  
 SDO_Ordinate_Array(-2.0,1.0,3.0,
-2.0,1.0,0.0,
-3.0,1.0,0.0,
-3.0,1.0,3.0,
-2.0,1.0,3.0,
-3.0,1.0,3.0,
-3.0,1.0,0.0,
-3.0,-1.0,0.0,
-3.0,-1.0,3.0,
-3.0,1.0,3.0,
-3.0,-1.0,3.0,
-3.0,-1.0,0.0,
-2.0,-1.0,0.0,
-2.0,-1.0,3.0,
-3.0,-1.0,3.0,
-2.0,-1.0,3.0,
-2.0,-1.0,0.0,
-2.0,1.0,0.0,
-2.0,1.0,3.0,
-2.0,-1.0,3.0,
-2.0,-1.0,3.0,
-2.0,1.0,3.0,
-3.0,1.0,3.0,
-3.0,-1.0,3.0,
-2.0,-1.0,3.0,
-2.0,1.0,0.0,
-2.0,-1.0,0.0,
-3.0,-1.0,0.0,
-3.0,1.0,0.0,
-2.0,1.0,0.0,
2.0,0.0,3.0,
2.0,0.0,0.0,
4.0,2.0,0.0,
4.0,2.0,3.0,
2.0,0.0,3.0,
4.5,-2.0,3.0,
4.5,-2.0,0.0,
2.0,0.0,0.0,
2.0,0.0,3.0,
4.5,-2.0,3.0,
4.5,-2.0,3.0,
-2.0,-2.0,3.0,
-2.0,-2.0,0.0,
4.5,-2.0,0.0,
4.5,-2.0,3.0,
-2.0,-2.0,3.0,
-2.0,2.0,3.0,
-2.0,2.0,0.0,
-2.0,-2.0,0.0,
-2.0,-2.0,3.0,
4.0,2.0,3.0,
4.0,2.0,0.0,
-2.0,2.0,0.0,
-2.0,2.0,3.0,
4.0,2.0,3.0,
2.0,0.0,3.0,
4.0,2.0,3.0,
-2.0,2.0,3.0,
-2.0,-2.0,3.0,
4.5,-2.0,3.0,
2.0,0.0,3.0,
2.0,0.0,0.0,
4.5,-2.0,0.0,
-2.0,-2.0,0.0,
-2.0,2.0,0.0,
4.0,2.0,0.0,
2.0,0.0,0.0
)));

Example 2-19 updates the USER_SDO_GEOM_METADATA view with the necessary information about the tables created in Example 2-18 (POINTS3D, LINES3D, and POLYGONS3D), and it creates a spatial index on the geometry column (named GEOMETRY) in each table. The indexes are created with the PARAMETERS ('sdo_indx_dims=3') clause, to ensure that all three dimensions are considered in operations that are supported on three-dimensional geometries.

INSERT INTO user_sdo_geom_metadata VALUES('POINTS3D', 'GEOMETRY',
  sdo_dim_array( sdo_dim_element('X', -100,100, 0.000005),
  sdo_dim_element('Y', -100,100, 0.000005),
  sdo_dim_element('Z', -100,100, 0.000005)), NULL);
 
CREATE INDEX points3d_sidx on points3d(geometry)
  INDEXTYPE IS mdsys.spatial_index
  PARAMETERS ('sdo_indx_dims=3');
 
INSERT INTO user_sdo_geom_metadata VALUES('LINES3D', 'GEOMETRY',
  sdo_dim_array( sdo_dim_element('X', -100,100, 0.000005),
  sdo_dim_element('Y', -100,100, 0.000005),
  sdo_dim_element('Z', -100,100, 0.000005)), NULL);
 
CREATE INDEX lines3d_sidx on lines3d(geometry)
  INDEXTYPE IS mdsys.spatial_index
  PARAMETERS ('sdo_indx_dims=3');
 
INSERT INTO user_sdo_geom_metadata VALUES('POLYGONS3D', 'GEOMETRY',
  sdo_dim_array( sdo_dim_element('X', -100,100, 0.000005),
  sdo_dim_element('Y', -100,100, 0.000005),
  sdo_dim_element('Z', -100,100, 0.000005)), NULL);
 
CREATE INDEX polygons3d_sidx on polygons3d(geometry)
  INDEXTYPE IS mdsys.spatial_index
  PARAMETERS ('sdo_indx_dims=3');

2.8.1 TABLE_NAME

The TABLE_NAME column contains the name of a feature table, such as COLA_MARKETS, that has a column of type SDO_GEOMETRY.

The table name is stored in the spatial metadata views in all uppercase characters.

The table name cannot contain spaces or mixed-case letters in a quoted string when inserted into the USER_SDO_GEOM_METADATA view, and it cannot be in a quoted string when used in a query (unless it is in all uppercase characters).

The spatial feature table cannot be an index-organized table if you plan to create a spatial index on the spatial column.

2.8.2 COLUMN_NAME

The COLUMN_NAME column contains the name of the column of type SDO_GEOMETRY. For the COLA_MARKETS table, this column is called SHAPE.

The column name is stored in the spatial metadata views in all uppercase characters.

The column name cannot contain spaces or mixed-case letters in a quoted string when inserted into the USER_SDO_GEOM_METADATA view, and it cannot be in a quoted string when used in a query (unless it is in all uppercase characters).

2.8.3 DIMINFO

The DIMINFO column is a varying length array of an object type, ordered by dimension, and has one entry for each dimension. The SDO_DIM_ARRAY type is defined as follows:

Create Type SDO_DIM_ARRAY as VARRAY(4) of SDO_DIM_ELEMENT; 

The SDO_DIM_ELEMENT type is defined as:

Create Type SDO_DIM_ELEMENT as OBJECT (
  SDO_DIMNAME VARCHAR2(64),
  SDO_LB NUMBER,
  SDO_UB NUMBER,
  SDO_TOLERANCE NUMBER);

The SDO_DIM_ARRAY instance is of size n if there are n dimensions. That is, DIMINFO contains 2 SDO_DIM_ELEMENT instances for two-dimensional geometries, 3 instances for three-dimensional geometries, and 4 instances for four-dimensional geometries. Each SDO_DIM_ELEMENT instance in the array must have valid (not null) values for the SDO_LB, SDO_UB, and SDO_TOLERANCE attributes.

For an explanation of tolerance and how to determine the appropriate SDO_TOLERANCE value, see Section 1.5.5, especially Section 1.5.5.1.

Spatial and Graph assumes that the varying length array is ordered by dimension. The DIMINFO varying length array must be ordered by dimension in the same way the ordinates for the points in SDO_ORDINATES varying length array are ordered. For example, if the SDO_ORDINATES varying length array contains {X1, Y1, ..., Xn, Yn}, then the first DIMINFO entry must define the X dimension and the second DIMINFO entry must define the Y dimension.

Example 2-1 in Section 2.1 shows the use of the SDO_GEOMETRY and SDO_DIM_ARRAY types. This example demonstrates how geometry objects (hypothetical market areas for colas) are represented, and how the COLA_MARKETS feature table and the USER_SDO_GEOM_METADATA view are populated with the data for those objects.

2.8.4 SRID

The SRID column should contain either of the following: the SRID value for the coordinate system for all geometries in the column, or NULL if no specific coordinate system should be associated with the geometries. (For information about coordinate systems, see Chapter 6.)

2.9.1 xxx_SDO_3DTHEMES Views

The USER_SDO_3DTHEMES and ALL_SDO_3DTHEMES views have the columns listed in Table 2-8.

2.9.2 xxx_SDO_SCENES Views

The USER_SDO_SCENES and ALL_SDO_SCENES views have the columns listed in Table 2-9.

2.9.3 xxx_SDO_VIEWFRAMES Views

The USER_SDO_VIEWFRAMES and ALL_SDO_VIEWFRAMES views have the columns listed in Table 2-10.

2.10.1 Spatial Index Views

There are two sets of spatial index metadata views for each schema (user): xxx_SDO_INDEX_INFO and xxx_SDO_INDEX_METADATA, where xxx can be USER or ALL. These views are read-only to users; they are created and maintained by the Spatial and Graph indexing routines.

2.10.2 Spatial Index Table Definition

For an R-tree index, a spatial index table (each SDO_INDEX_TABLE entry as described in Table 2-12 in Section 2.10.1.2) contains the columns shown in Table 2-13.

2.10.3 R-Tree Index Sequence Object

Each R-tree spatial index table has an associated sequence object (SDO_RTREE_SEQ_NAME in the USER_SDO_INDEX_METADATA view, described in Table 2-12 in Section 2.10.1.2). The sequence is used to ensure that simultaneous updates can be performed to the index by multiple concurrent users.

The sequence name is the index table name with the letter S replacing the letter T before the underscore (for example, the sequence object MDRS_5C01$ is associated with the index table MDRT_5C01$).

2.11.1 Creating a User-Defined Unit of Measurement

If the area and distance units of measurement supplied by Oracle are not sufficient for your needs, you can create user-defined area and distance units. (You cannot create a user-defined angle unit.) To do so, you must connect to the database as a user that has been granted the DBA role, and insert a row for each desired unit to the SDO_UNITS_OF_MEASURE table (described in Section 6.7.27)

Table 2-14 lists the columns in the SDO_UNITS_OF_MEASURE table and the requirements and recommendations for each if you are inserting a row for a user-defined unit of measurement.

Example 2-20 creates a user-defined distance unit named HALF_METER, and uses it in a query to find all customers within 400,000 half-meters (200 kilometers) of a specified store.

-- Distance unit: HALF_METER
-- FACTOR_B specifies how many meters = one of this unit.

INSERT INTO MDSYS.SDO_UNITS_OF_MEASURE
  (UOM_ID, UNIT_OF_MEAS_NAME, UNIT_OF_MEAS_TYPE, TARGET_UOM_ID,
   FACTOR_B, FACTOR_C, INFORMATION_SOURCE, DATA_SOURCE, IS_LEGACY)
VALUES
  (100001, 'HALF_METER', 'length', 100001,
   .5, 1, 'User-defined half meter', 'USER_DEFINED', 'FALSE');
 
. . .
-- Find all the customers within 400,000 half-meters of store_id = 101
SELECT /*+ordered*/
    c.customer_id,
    c.first_name,
    c.last_name
FROM stores s,
    customers c
WHERE s.store_id = 101
AND sdo_within_distance (c.cust_geo_location,
    s.store_geo_location,
    'distance = 400000 unit = HALF_METER') = 'TRUE';
 
CUSTOMER_ID FIRST_NAME                     LAST_NAME                           
----------- ------------------------------ ------------------------------      
       1005 Carla                          Rodriguez                           
       1004 Thomas                         Williams                            
       1003 Marian                         Chang                               
       1001 Alexandra                      Nichols